Medieval History

The founder of this medieval order held an unusual belief that owning more than four books led to spiritual pride, making it one of the most restrictive intellectual prohibitions in monastic history. Members of this order took a distinctive third vow, beyond poverty and chastity, binding them to serve the sick without payment even during deadly plague outbreaks. Their hospitals were pioneers in segregating patients by disease type and keeping systematic treatment records that would influence later European medical practice. Recognizable by brown habits bearing a tau cross, this order operated charitable hospitals throughout medieval Italian cities after receiving papal approval from Innocent III a . s, name this medieval religious order dedicated to hospital service, founded by Gerard Sighelli in Piacenza.

Hint: Think tau cross, four-book rule, and plague nursing — the Antonines were medieval Italy's hospital pioneers approved by Innocent III.

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This big sickness spread all over Europe in the 1300s and killed many people. It was also called the Black Death because it was so scary. , name this disease.

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This document contains 63 clauses, including Clause 39, which first articulated the legal concept of habeas corpus in the English legal tradition. It was drafted at Runnymede, a meadow beside the River Thames, following a baronial revolt against a monarch who had lost Normandy and imposed crippling scutage fees. Pope Innocent III initially annulled it, calling it shameful and demeaning, yet it was reissued multiple times after the original king's death. It directly inspired the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Translating from Latin as 'Great Charter,' it was sealed by King John in 1215 to limit royal authority. , name this foundational medieval document of constitutional law.

Hint: Think 'Great Charter' sealed by King John at Runnymede — the original check on royal power.

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This event’s occurrence was partly inspired by a suggestion made by Audrey Strange that David Baldwin reaffirmed. The finding of a map by Philippa Langley was key evidence that led to this event. Mitochondrial DNA from descendants of its central figure’s sister, Anne, were used during this event, whose central figure was found to have suffered scoliosis and a wound from a halberd. Occurring at what was previously Grey Friars Priory in 2012, this event involved the use of Leicester [[LES-ter]] Cathedral for a reinterring. For the point, name this finding of a Yorkist king.

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The papal bull 'Licet de vitanda' of 1179 established the two-thirds supermajority rule for conclaves, formalizing the College of Cardinals as the sole electoral body for its leadership. Gregory VII's 'Dictatus Papae' of 1075 declared that this institution's leader alone could depose emperors and call universal councils, igniting the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. The Gregorian Reforms of the eleventh century mandated clerical celibacy and simony prohibitions, asserting this office's supremacy over secular rulers across Christendom. The Western Schism of 1378 to 1417 saw three simultaneous claimants to this throne, with rival seats in Rome and Avignon fracturing the loyalty of European monarchs. Wielded most powerfully by figures like Innocent III, who placed entire kingdoms under interdict, this institution sat at the apex of medieval European religious and political life. s, name this ecclesiastical office centered in Rome whose holders claimed spiritual authority over all of Western Christianity throughout the feudal era.

Hint: Think Gregory VII vs. Henry IV at Canossa — the office that could make an emperor kneel in the snow.

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